Esotropia, nystagmus and optic disk staphyloma in Donnai-Barrow syndrome / Esotropia, nistagmo e estafiloma de disco óptico na síndrome de Donnai-Barrow

ABSTRACT A 12-year-old boy with Donnai-Barrow syndrome diagnosed intra-uterus presented esotropia, high myopia, nystagmus, and optic disk staphyloma in an ophthalmologic examination. The patient had associated Fanconi syndrome and sensorineural hearing loss as well as facial manifestations as hypertelorism, downward slanting of palpebral fissures and low ear implantation. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed agenesis of the corpus callosum. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case associated with esotropia, nystagmus, and optic disk staphyloma.

RESUMO Paciente do sexo masculino, 12 anos, com diagnóstico intrauterino de síndrome de Donnai-Barrow, apresentava ao exame oftalmológico esotropia, alta miopia, nistagmo e estafiloma de disco óptico. Associado ao quadro, apresentava síndrome de Falconi e perda auditiva neurossensorial, além de alterações faciais, como hipertelorismo, inclinação inferior das fissuras palpebrais e implantação baixa das orelhas. Ressonância magnética revelou agenesia de corpo caloso. Ao nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro caso relatado associando esotropia, nistagmo e estafiloma de disco óptico.

Síndrome de Robinow asociado a insuficiencia renal crónica en fase terminal / Robinow syndrome associated with chronic kidney failure in terminal stage

Se describe el caso clínico de un adolescente de 18 años con antecedente patológico de una operación por hipertelorismo en su primer año de vida, quien fue asistido en el Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Infantil Docente Norte Dr. Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira de Santiago de Cuba, debido a una disminución marcada de la función renal, por lo cual requirió terapias sustitutivas. Su estado persistió por más de 3 meses y se consideró como una insuficiencia renal crónica en fase terminal. Se realizaron varios exámenes complementarios en busca de la causa y se interconsultó con otras especialidades, como la de Genética Clínica, por la presencia de trastornos dismórficos; finalmente, se diagnosticó el síndrome de Robinow. El paciente permaneció con hemodiálisis por 2 años hasta que su condición fue estable para recibir un trasplante de riñón.

The case report of an 18 years adolescent is described with pathological history of a surgery due to hypertelorism in his first year of life who was assisted in the Nephrology Service of Dr. Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira Northern Teaching Children Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, due to a marked decrease of the renal function, reason why he required substitute therapies. His condition persisted for more than 3 months and it was considered as a chronic kidney failure in end stage. Several complementary exams were carried out to find out the cause and other specialties participated in the diagnosis, as Clinical Genetics, due to the presence of dysmorphic disorders; finally, Robinow syndrome was diagnosed. The patient remained with hemodialysis for 2 years until her condition was stable to receive a renal transplant.

Research Advances of Human Homologue of Mouse Progressive Ankylosis Protein and Bone and Joint Diseases / 中国医学科学院学报

The human homologue of mouse progressive ankylosis protein(ANKH)is an inorganic pyrophosphate transport regulator,which regulates tissue mineralization by controlling the level of inorganic pyrophosphate.It plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of bone and joint diseases,such as ankylosing spondylitis,craniometaphyseal dysplasia,and articular cartilage calcification.This review summarizes the progress of research on ANKH and the above-mentioned diseases.

Tetrasomy 9p syndrome in a Filipino infant

@#Tetrasomy 9p syndrome is a rare chromosomal abnormality syndrome whose most common features include hypertelorism, malformed ears, bulbous nose and microretrognathia. These features present as a result of an additional two copies of the short arm of chromosome 9. Here we present a neonate with characteristic facial features of hypertelorism, downslanted palpebral fissure, bulbous nose, small cupped ears, cleft lip and palate, and downturned corners of the mouth. Clinical features were consistent with the cytogenetic analysis of tetrasomy 9p. In general, clinicians are not as familiar with the features of tetrasomy 9p syndrome as that of more common chromosomal abnormalities like trisomies 13, 18, and 21. Hence, this case re-emphasizes the importance of doing the standard karyotyping for patients presenting with multiple congenital anomalies. Also, this is the first reported case of Tetrasomy 9p syndrome in Filipinos.

Frontonasal dysplasia: A case report

Frontonasal dysplasia is an uncommon congenital anomaly with diverse clinical phenotypes and highly variable clinical characteristics, including hypertelorism, a broad nasal root, median facial cleft, a missing or underdeveloped nasal tip, and a widow's peak hairline. Frontonasal dysplasia is mostly inherited and caused by the ALX genes (ALX1, ALX3, and ALX4). We report a rare case of a frontonasal dysplasia patient with mild hypertelorism, a broad nasal root, an underdeveloped nasal tip, an accessory nasal tag, and a widow's peak. We used soft tissue re-draping to achieve aesthetic improvements.

Noonan syndrome and RASopathies: Clinical features, diagnosis and management

Noonan syndrome (NS) and NS-related disorders (cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome, Costello syndrome, NS with multiple lentigines, or LEOPARD [lentigines, ECG conduction abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonic stenosis, abnormal genitalia, retardation of growth and sensory neural deafness] syndrome) are collectively named as RASopathies. Clinical presentations are similar, featured with typical facial features, short stature, intellectual disability, ectodermal abnormalities, congenital heart diseases, chest & skeletal deformity and delayed puberty. During past decades, molecular etiologies of RASopathies have been growingly discovered. The functional perturbations of the RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway are resulted from the mutation of more than 20 genes (PTPN11, SOS1, RAF1, SHOC2, BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, MEK1, MEK2, CBL, SOS2, RIT, RRAS, RASA2, SPRY1, LZTR1, MAP3K8, MYST4, A2ML1, RRAS2). The PTPN11 (40–50%), SOS1 (10–20%), RAF1 (3–17%), and RIT1 (5–9%) mutations are common in NS patients. In this review, the constellation of overlapping clinical features of RASopathies will be described based on genotype as well as their differential diagnostic points and management.

Smith-Kingsmore syndrome: The first report of a Korean patient with the MTOR germline mutation c.5395G>A p.(Glu1799Lys)

Smith-Kingsmore syndrome (SKS; OMIM 616638), also known as macrocephaly-intellectual disability-neurodevelopmental disorder-small thorax syndrome (MINDS; ORPHA 457485), is a rare autosomal dominant disorder, the prevalence of which is not known. It is caused by a heterozygous germline mutation in MTOR (OMIM 601231). Ten different MTOR germline mutations in 27 individuals have been reported in the medical literature to date. These were all gain-of-function missense variants, and about half of the 27 individuals had c.5395G>A p.(Glu1799Lys) in MTOR. Here, I report for the first time a Korean patient with the heterozygous germline mutation c.5395G>A p.(Glu1799Lys) in MTOR. It was found to be a de novo mutation, which was identified by whole-exome sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The patient showed typical clinical features of SKS, including macrocephaly/megalencephaly; moderate intellectual disability; seizures; behavioral problems; and facial dysmorphic features of curly hair, frontal bossing, midface hypoplasia, and hypertelorism.

Pontine Hypoplasia and Cri-du-chat Syndrome in a Preterm Infant / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

A premature infant with gestational age 36⁺⁴ weeks was admitted with respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant and ventilation were firstly done to improve his respiration. After extubation, weak, high-pitched cry and asymmetric face with micrognathia and hypertelorism were detected. Therefore, cytogenetic analysis was performed, and his karyotype was 46, XY, del(5) (p14p15.33). Pontine hypoplasia was detected on cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Therefore, karyotyping and cranial MRI should be performed in case of preterm infants with suspicion of Cri-du-chat syndrome (CdCS).

Aberrant growth of the anterior cranial base relevant to severe midface hypoplasia of Apert syndrome / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

BACKGROUND: A 9-year-old male showed severe defects in midface structures, which resulted in maxillary hypoplasia, ocular hypertelorism, relative mandibular prognathism, and syndactyly. He had been diagnosed as having Apert syndrome and received a surgery of frontal calvaria distraction osteotomy to treat the steep forehead at 6 months old, and a surgery of digital separation to treat severe syndactyly of both hands at 6 years old. Nevertheless, he still showed a turribrachycephalic cranial profile with proptosis, a horizontal groove above supraorbital ridge, and a short nose with bulbous tip. METHODS: Fundamental aberrant growth may be associated with the cranial base structure in radiological observation. RESULTS: The Apert syndrome patient had a shorter and thinner nasal septum in panthomogram, PA view, and Waters’ view; shorter zygomatico-maxillary width (83.5 mm) in Waters’ view; shorter length between the sella and nasion (63.7 mm) on cephalogram; and bigger zygomatic axis angle of the cranial base (118.2°) in basal cranial view than a normal 9-year-old male (94.8 mm, 72.5 mm, 98.1°, respectively). On the other hand, the Apert syndrome patient showed interdigitating calcification of coronal suture similar to that of a normal 30-year-old male in a skull PA view. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the Apert syndrome patient, 9 years old, showed retarded growth of the anterior cranial base affecting severe midface hypoplasia, which resulted in a hypoplastic nasal septum axis, retruded zygomatic axes, and retarded growth of the maxilla and palate even after frontal calvaria distraction osteotomy 8 years ago. Therefore, it was suggested that the severe midface hypoplasia and dysostotic facial profile of the present Apert syndrome case are closely relevant to the aberrant growth of the anterior cranial base supporting the whole oro-facial and forebrain development.

Early Diagnosis of KBG Syndrome Using Diagnostic Exome Sequencing / 대한소아신경학회지

KBG syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, skeletal anomalies, short stature, craniofacial dysmorphism, and macrodontia. ANKRD11 gene mutation and 16q24.3 microdeletion have been reported to cause KBG syndrome. Here, we report two patients with ANKRD11 mutations who initially presented with neurologic symptoms such as developmental delay and seizures. Patient 1 was a 23-month-old boy who presented with a global developmental delay. Language delay was the most dominant feature. He had hypertelorism, hearing impairment, and behavior problems characterized as hyperactivity. A c.1903_1907delAAACA (p.Lys635GInfsTer26) mutation in ANKRD11 was identified with diagnostic exome sequencing. Patient 2 was a 14-month-old boy with developmental delay and seizure. He also had atrial septum defect, and ventricular septal defect. Generalized tonic seizures began at the age of 8 months. Electroencephalography showed generalized sharp and slow wave pattern. Seizures did not respond to antiepileptic drugs. A loss of function mutation c.5350_5351delTC (p.ser1784HisfsTer12) in ANKRD11 was identified with diagnostic exome sequencing. In both cases, characteristic features of KBG syndrome such as short stature or macrodontia, were absent, and they visited the hospital due to neurological symptoms. These findings suggest that more patients with mild phenotypes of KBG syndrome are being recognized with advances in diagnostic exome sequencing genetic technologies.

Abordagem cirúrgica do hiperteleorbitismo na displasia craniofrontonasal / Surgical approach of hypertelorbitism in craniofrontonasal dysplasia

RESUMO Objetivo: apresentar nossa experiência no tratamento cirúrgico do hiperteleorbitismo na displasia craniofrontonasal. Métodos: análise retrospectiva dos pacientes com displasia craniofrontonasal operados por orbital box osteotomy ou por bipartição facial entre os anos de 1997 e 2015. Informações sobre as intervenções cirúrgicas foram obtidas dos prontuários médicos, exames complementares, fotografias e entrevistas clínicas. Os resultados cirúrgicos foram classificados com base na necessidade de cirurgia adicional, e a recidiva orbital foi calculada. Resultados: sete pacientes do sexo feminino foram incluídas, três submetidas à orbital box osteotomy (42,86%) e quatro (57,14%) à bipartição facial. Houve uma recidiva orbital média de 3,71±3,73mm. A média global dos resultados cirúrgicos de acordo com a necessidade de novas cirurgias foi de 2,43±0,53. Conclusão: a abordagem cirúrgica do hiperteleorbitismo na displasia craniofrontonasal deve ser individualizada, respeitando, sempre que possível, a idade e as preferências dos pacientes, seus familiares e cirurgiões.

ABSTRACT Objective: to present our experience in the hypertelorbitism surgical treatment in craniofrontonasal dysplasia. Methods: retrospective analysis of craniofrontonasal dysplasia patients operated through orbital box osteotomy or facial bipartition between 1997 and 2015. Surgical data was obtained from medical records, complementary tests, photographs, and clinical interviews. Surgical results were classified based on the need for additional surgery and orbital relapse was calculated. Results: seven female patients were included, of whom three (42.86%) underwent orbital box osteotomy and four (57.14%) underwent facial bipartition. There was orbital relapse in average of 3.71±3,73mm. Surgical result according to the need for further surgery was 2.43±0.53. Conclusion: surgical approach to hypertelorbitism in craniofrontonasal dysplasia should be individualized, respecting the age at surgery and preferences of patients, parents, and surgeons.

Síndrome oro-facial-digital / Oro-facial-digita syndrome

l síndrome orofaciodigital , es un grupo heterogéneo de trastornos del desarrollo de los cuales se han documentado al menos 13 variantes clínicas(1-3).Se transmite como un rasgo dominante ligado al cromosoma X. Se han reportado pocos casos en varones, ya que en general este trastorno genera letalidad en embriones masculinos en el primer o segundo semestre del embarazo (2).Conforma un cuadro clínicamente bien definido que debería ser reconocido en el recién nacido (4) y se asocia con manifestaciones clínicas a niveloral, facial y digital.El primer caso fue descrito por Mohr en 1941, seguido por un reporte de Papillon-League y Psaume en 1954; posteriormente, estos fueron denominados SOFD tipo 2 y 1, respectivamente (2,4).El SOFD tipo 1 a diferencia de los otros subtipos, es transmitido como un rasgo dominante ligado al cromosoma X. Es el único subtipo, del cual se ha identificado la mutación en el gen CXORF5, localizada en el brazo corto del cromosoma X (Xp22.2). El producto génico del SOFD1 es una proteína del centrosoma localizada en el cuerpo basal del cilio primario. (1-3,6). Se ha reportado una gran variabilidad clínica interfamiliar e intrafamiliar, así como 18 diferentes mutaciones en el SOFD 1 (6). La incidencia estimada es de 1: 50.000 a 250.000 nacidos vivos, afectando todas las razas por igual(2,5,6).Como su nombre lo indica, las principales manifestaciones se encuentran a nivel oral, facial y digital; sin embargo, otros órganos pueden estar afectados, lo que definiría el tipo específico de SOFD. Existen muy pocos casos reportados de los otros tipos, dada la amplia variabilidad en su expresión fenotípica; y también resulta muy dificultoso tipificar a los pacientes debido al solapamiento de las características clínicas (1-4). Entre las malformaciones orales se observan: labio superior muy corto, que suele acompañarse de una hendidura medial (45%) y frenillo grueso. El paladar se afecta con fisura medial amplia (80%) (Figs. 1 y 2); usualmente el paladar blando no existe, y en el óseo se presentan tres mamelones: uno central y dos laterales. El maxilar inferior dispone bandas fibrosas (frenillos) que adhieren los labios a las arcadas dentarias, las cuales están hendidas. Estas bandas se adhieren a la lengua fijándolas (anquiloglosia) y dividiéndola en varios mamelones (30-45%) (Figs. 1 y 2); muchas veces se encuentra tejido hamartomatoso (70%). El maxilar inferior también es hipoplásico y existe mala oclusión dentaria. (Fig. 2) Servin, Roxana y Col. Rev.Fac. Med. UNNE XXXVII: 1, 42-46, 2017Las malformaciones faciales incluyen: hipertelorismo, raíz nasal ancha con punta fina e hipoplasia de los cartílagos de las alas nasales; narinas pequeñas y antevertidas con diferencia de tamaño. También suelen apreciarse un aplanamiento mediofacial. La piel presenta millium en mejillas, frente y pabellón auricular (Figs. 1 y 2). Hay xerodermia y puede haber alopecía en cuero cabelludo. El pelo es seco y quebradizo. (Fig. 1)En miembros, las alteraciones más frecuentes se observan en manos (45%) tales como clinodactilia, braquidactilia y sindactilia. (Figs. 1 y 2)En los pies puede haber polisindactilia (casi siempre unilateral, preaxial). Los demás dedos son cortos e hipoplásicos. Fig. 1.Paciente de 10 meses, con los rasgos característicos. Arriba izq. labio superior fino, fisura palatina, mamelones linguales y milium en mejillas. Arriba der.clino y braquidactilia. Abajo: alopecia, cabello seco y quebradizo. Servin, Roxana y Col. Rev. Fac. Med. UNNE XXXVII: 1, 42-46, 2017A nivel de sistema nervioso central las malformaciones son variables (40%) puede existir porencefalia o hidrocefalia (que comúnmente se acompaña a agenesia total o parcial del cuerpo calloso), y su asociación con un retardo mental (40%). En aparato urinario se observan riñones poliquísticos en un 50% de los casos. El esqueleto también se ve afectado, evidenciándose huesos cortos y gruesos en manos y pies, muchas veces con osteoporosis (2-5,6).Los subtipos de este síndrome presentan características distintivas. La polidactilia se presenta en todos los subtipos, por lo que obviando esta característica, se menciona la Fig. 2.Madre de la paciente. Arriba izq. maloclusión dentaria, mamelones linguales y milium en mejillas. Arriba der. fisura palatina. Abajo: clino, braquidactilia, y en mano derecha sindactilia cutánea (membrana interdigital). Servin, Roxana y Col. Rev. Fac. Med. UNNE XXXVII: 1, 42-46, 2017clínica particular de los otros subtipos. El SOFD 1 es de carácter autosómico dominante ligado al X, predominando el millium y la poliquistosis renal. En el SOFD 2 (o Síndrome de Mohr-Majewski) se puede manifestar punta nasal bífida. La característica delSOFD 3 es el guiño ocular en sube y baja (alternado), los espasmos mioclónicos y el retraso mental. La nariz es bulbosa y las orejas son de implantación baja. En el SOFD 4 hay compromiso tibial, pectus excavatum y baja estatura. El SOFD 5 presenta fisura labial medial aislada. En el SOFD 6 (o Síndrome de Váradi-Papp) se distingue la polidactilia principalmente media y con metacarpos en forma de "Y"; también malformación cerebelar (ausencia de vermis). Se puede observar además displasia y agenesia renal (2).El SOFD 7 (o Síndrome de Whelan) fue reportado una sola vez, como un subtipo que compartía características del tipo 1 y 2. Durante el seguimiento, la paciente desarrolló clínica inherente al SOFD 1, por lo que se concluyó que inicialmente pertenecía al tipo 1, y se removió el SOFD 7 de la clasificación (8). El SOFD 8 es de herencia recesiva ligada al X. Clínicamente presenta, defectos tibiales, radiales y anormalidades epiglóticas. Por último, el SOFD 9 se caracteriza por anormalidades retinianas y fisura labial no medial (2).Es posible para el médico poder sospechar el diagnóstico de SOFD 1 mediante la fetoscopía o ultrasonografía, siendo la detección de polidactilia y defectos faciales, parámetros fundamentales; no obstante el diagnóstico es eminentemente clínico y debe hacerse en el recién nacido. Los diagnósticos diferenciales deben plantearse principalmente con subtipos de SOFD (2,4). Es de importancia la participación de un equipo multidisciplinario integrado por genetistas, pediatras, dermatólogos, cirujanos máxilo-faciales, psicólogos, odontopediatras para brindar asesoramiento y asistencia a estos pacientes. Aunque el pronóstico depende de las manifestaciones clínicas específicas y la gravedad de las mismas, es importante la identificación del tipo que presenta porque nos orientará en los estudios diagnósticos de otras posibles manifestaciones clínicas asociadas a ese tipo en particular (

Surgical correction of grade III hypertelorism

Orbital hypertelorism is an increased distance between the bony orbits and can be caused by frontonasal malformations, craniofacial clefts, frontoethmoidal encephaloceles, glial tumors or dermoid cysts of the root of the nose, and various syndromic or chromosomal disorders. We report a series of 7 cases of hypertelorism that were treated in our hospital. The underlying causes in our series were craniofacial clefts 0 to 14 (4 cases), craniofacial clefts 1 to 12 (1 case), and frontonasal encephalocele (2 cases), all congenital. Surgical techniques used to correct the deformity were box osteotomy and medial wall osteotomy with or without calvarial and rib grafts. A few of our cases were reoperations with specific challenges.

Syndrome in question: Gorlin-Goltz syndrome

Abstract: The Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (NBCCS) is an uncommon disorder caused by a mutation in Patched, tumor suppressor gene. It is mainly characterized by numerous early onset basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic cysts of jaw and skeletal abnormalities. Due to the wide clinical spectrum, treatment and management of its modalities are not standardized and should be individualized and monitored by a multidisciplinary team. We report a typical case in a 30-year-old man with multiple basal cell carcinomas, keratotic pits of palmar creases and bifid ribs, with a history of several corrective surgeries for keratocystic odontogenic tumors, among other lesions characteristic of the syndrome.

Cytogenetic diagnosis of Roberts SC phocomelia syndrome: first report from Kashmir

There are several syndromes in which specific mitotic chromosomal abnormalities can be seen, like premature centromere separation, premature [sister] chromatid separation, and somatic aneuploidies. Identifications of such specific cytogenetic findings can be the key factor that leads towards the diagnosis of syndromes like Roberts SC phocomelia. The case presented here as Roberts SC phocomelia syndrome was identified as a child with multiple congenital anomalies and dysmorphic features. Conventional cytogenetic analysis of the case revealed premature sister chromatid separation. The premature centromeric separation was also confirmed by C banding analysis of the child. It is the first and the only case of Roberts SC phocomelia diagnosed from this part of the world. The present case report emphasizes the importance of conventional cytogenetics in the diagnosis of such syndromes

The Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome: diagnosis of a case associated with heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus / Síndrome de Gorlin-Goltz: diagnóstico de um caso associado à cardiopatia e diabetes mellitus 2

The Gorlin-Goltz syndrome (GGS) is a hereditary, autosomal dominant condition, with high penetrance and variable expressivity, resulting from mutations in the genes PTCH1, PTCH2, or SUFU. The diagnosis is based on the presence of 2 major criteria or a major criterion associated with 2 minor criteria, including multiple basal cell carcinomas, keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KOT), and bifid rib. Other endocrine, neurological, ophthalmologic, genital, respiratory, and cardiovascular alterations are found in the literature, but with variable manifestations. This study reports the case of a patient diagnosed with GGS associated with diastolic congestive heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus, who underwent multiple treatments for components of the syndrome. More recently, the patient underwent decompression followed by cystic enucleation of two KOTs in the jaw, oral rehabilitation with removable prosthodontics, cardiological evaluation, and attempted clinical control of endocrine and cardiac problems.

A síndrome de Gorlin-Goltz (SGG) é uma condição hereditária, autossômica dominante, com alta penetrância e expressividade variável, decorrente de mutações nos genes PTCH1, PTCH2 ou SUFU. O diagnóstico é baseado na presença de dois critérios maiores ou um critério maior associado a dois critérios menores, dentre eles múltiplos carcinomas basocelulares, tumor odontogênico ceratocístico (TOC) e costela bífida. Outras alterações endócrinas, neurológicas, oftalmológicas, genitais, respiratórias e cardiovasculares são encontradas na literatura, porém com manifestações variáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso clínico de uma paciente sistematicamente diagnosticada com SGG associada à insuficiência cardíaca congestiva diastólica e diabetes mellitus 2 submetida a tratamentos seriados das respectivas manifestações sindrômicas. Mais recentemente, à descompressão cística seguida da enucleação de dois TOC em mandíbula, reabilitação oral com prótese total removível, avaliação cardiológica e tentativa de controle clínico das alterações endócrinas e cardíacas.

Diagnóstico tardio de síndrome de DiGeorge em criança hipocalcêmica: relato de caso / Late diagnosis of DiGeorge syndrome in hypocalcemic child: case report

A Síndrome de DiGeorge (SDG) decorre de uma microdeleção 22q11.2, sendo considerada uma das microdeleções mais frequentes em humanos. Caracteriza-se por espectro fenotípico bastante amplo, incluindo dificuldade de aprendizado, fácies dismórfica, anomalias cardíacas, hipocalcemia, hipoparatireoidismo, fenda palatina, anomalias do timo, insuficiência imunológica e problemas de fala e alimentação. Contudo, nenhum achado é patognomônico ou mesmo obrigatório. Este relato de caso pretende chamar a atenção para essa síndrome como causa potencial de hipocalcemia e convulsões hipocalcêmicas mesmo após o período neonatal. Reporta-se a história clinico-laboratorial e manejo de um menino de 12 anos, diagnosticado aos sete com SDG em decorrência de facies típica e crise convulsiva hipocalcêmica. O paciente apresentava diagnóstico prévio de transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade, atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e fácies suspeita (micrognatia, orelhas de implantação baixa, hipertelorismo, nariz angular). A hipocalcemia que deflagrou a crise convulsiva foi secundária ao hipoparatireoidismo, sendo tratado com carbonato de cálcio e calcitriol. Houve melhora clínica, porém se manteve hipocalcêmico, apesar de dose otimizada da medicação. O caso é atípico, já que o diagnóstico de SDG foi feito tardiamente, visto que a maioria dos casos é diagnosticada no período neonatal. Além disso, o quadro demonstra a variabilidade de achados clínicos que podem ser encontrados nessa síndrome e a importância de se investigar a SDG em pacientes que apresentem hipocalcemia, mesmo em idades mais avançadas. Salienta-se que o diagnostico tem relevância na implicação dos cuidados à saúde, devido aos riscos imunológicos e cardiológicos apresentados pelos pacientes portadores, devendo ser realizado o mais precocemente possível.(AU)

The DiGeorge Syndrome (DGS) stems from a 22q11.2 microdeletion and is considered one of the most frequent microdeletions in humans. It is characterized by very wide phenotypic spectrum, including learning disability, dysmorphicfacies, cardiac abnormalities, hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, cleft palate, thymus abnormalities, immune impairment and speech and feeding problems. However, any finding is pathognomonic or even mandatory. This case report aims to draw attention to this syndrome as a potential cause of hypocalcemia and hypocalcemic seizures even after the neonatal period. Refers to clinical and laboratory history and management of a boy of 12, diagnosed at 07 with DGS due to typical facies and hypocalcemic seizure. The patient had a previous diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, developmental delay and suspected facies (micrognathia, low-set ears, hypertelorism, angular nose). Hypocalcemia that triggered the seizure was secondary to hypoparathyroidism, being treated with calcium carbon- ate and calcitriol. There was clinical improvement, but hypocalcemic remained despite optimal medication dose. The case is atypical, since the diagnosis DGS was made later, as the majority of cases are diagnosed in the neonatal period. In addition, the table shows the variability of clinical findings that can be found in this syndrome and the importance of investigating the DGS in patients who have hypocalcaemia, even at older ages. Please note that the diagnosis is relevant in the involvement of health care due to immunological and cardiac risks posed by patients and should be done as early as possible.(AU)

Unusual Position and Presentation of Frontobasal Meningoencephalocela

We wish to show our experiance with threating a rare congenital brain malformation-encephalocele. It is a protusion of brain matter with greater incidence in the Far East. Our case is even more curious because of the site of occurrence-frontobasal. Most of encephalocele occur in the occipital region. In this article we report a case of a 57-year-old woman, without deformations on the face, which had epileptic seizures and in spite of receiving antiepileptic drug. She was also frequently treated for sinusitis. She never had rhinoliquorrhea, nor was she diagnosed to have meningitis. In the last few years she had difficulty breathing on her right nostril. After she was diagnosed with encephalocele and treated surgically her recovery was complete and she is without the seizures.

Treatment of Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumors in Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome